Faires, JS & McCarty, DJ Acute arthritis in man and dog after intrasynovial injection of sodium urate crystals. Lancet 280682–685 (1962).
Martinon, F., Petrilli, V., Mayor, A., Tardivel, A. & Tschopp, J. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440237–241 (2006).
Stewart, S. et al. The experience of a gout flare: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. semin. Arthritis Rheum. fifty805–811 (2020).
Qaseem, A., Harris, RP & Forciea, MA Management of acute and recurrent gout: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 16658–68 (2017).
Dalbeth, N. et al. Discordant American College of Physicians and international rheumatology guidelines for gout management: consensus statement of the Gout, Hyperuricemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN). Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 13561–568 (2017).
McLean, RM The long and winding road to clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and management of gout. Ann. Intern. Med. 16673–74 (2017).
Neogi, T. & Mikuls, TR To treat or not to treat (to target) in gout. Ann. Intern. Med. 16671–72 (2017).
FitzGerald, JD, Neogi, T. & Choi, HK Publisher: do not let gout apathy lead to gouty arthropathy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 69479–482 (2017).
Khanna, D. et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res. 641431–1446 (2012).
Richette, P. et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of gout. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 7629–42 (2017).
Krishnan, E., Lienesch, D. & Kwoh, CK Gout in ambulatory care settings in the United States. J. Rheumatol. 35498–501 (2008).
Latif, ZP, Nakafero, G., Jenkins, W., Doherty, M. & Abhishek, A. Implication of nurse intervention on engagement with urate-lowering drugs: a qualitative study of participants in a RCT of nurse led care. Joint Bone Spine 86357–362 (2019).
Yue, TF & Gutman, AB Effect of allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo-(3,4-d)pyrimidine) on serum and urinary uric acid in primary and secondary gout. Am. J. Med. 37885–898 (1964).
Borstad, GC et al. Colchicine for prophylaxis of acute flares when initiating allopurinol for chronic gouty arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 312429–2432 (2004).
Schumacher, HR Jr & Chen, LX The practical management of gout. Cleveland. Clin. J. Med. 75S22–S25 (2008).
Perez-Ruiz, F. Treating to target: a strategy to cure gout. Rheumatology 48ii9–ii14 (2009).
Yamanaka, H. et al. Stepwise dose increase of febuxostat is comparable with colchicine prophylaxis for the prevention of gout flares during the initial phase of urate-lowering therapy: results from FORTUNE-1, a prospective, multicentre randomized study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77270–276 (2018).
Becker, MA, MacDonald, PA, Hunt, BJ, Lademacher, C. & Joseph-Ridge, N. Determinants of the clinical outcomes of gout during the first year of urate-lowering therapy. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 27585–591 (2008).
FitzGerald, JD et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Arthritis Rheumatol. 72879–895 (2020).
Wortmann, RL, Macdonald, PA, Hunt, B. & Jackson, RL Effect of prophylaxis on gout flares after the initiation of urate-lowering therapy: analysis of data from three phase III trials. Clin. Ther. 322386–2397 (2010).
Schlesinger, N. et al. Canakinumab reduces the risk of acute gouty arthritis flares during initiation of allopurinol treatment: results of a double-blind, randomized study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 701264–1271 (2011).
Mitha, E. et al. Rilonacept for gout flare prevention during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy: results from the PRESURGE-2 international, phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology 521285–1292 (2013).
Schumacher, HR et al. Outcome domains for studies of acute and chronic gout. J. Rheumatol. 362342–2345 (2009).
Becker, MA et al. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N. Engl. J. Med. 3532450–2461 (2005).
Doherty, M. et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 3921403–1412 (2018).
Sundy, JS et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA 306711–720 (2011).
O’Dell, JR et al. Comparative effectiveness of allopurinol and febuxostat in gout management. NEJM Evid. 1EVIDoa2100028 (2022).
vanLaar, JM et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 3112490–2498 (2014).
Sullivan, KM et al. Myeloablative autologous stem-cell transplantation for severe Scleroderma. N. Engl. J. Med. 37835–47 (2018).
Skou, ST et al. A randomized, controlled trial of total knee replacement. N. Engl. J. Med. 3731597–1606 (2015).
Polack, FP et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 3832603–2615 (2020).
Baden, LR et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 384403–416 (2021).
Saag, KG et al. Lesinurad combined with allopurinol: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in gout patients with an inadequate response to standard-of-care allopurinol (a US-based study). Arthritis Rheumatol. 69203–212 (2017).
Dafni, U. Landmark analysis at the 25-year landmark point. circle Cardiovasc. What. outcomes 4363–371 (2011).
Garcia-Albeniz, X., Maurel, J. & Hernan, MA Why post-progression survival and post-relapse survival are not appropriate measures of efficacy in cancer randomized clinical trials. Int. J. Cancer 1362444–2447 (2015).
Hernan, MA, Hernandez-Diaz, S. & Robins, JM Randomized trials analyzed as observational studies. Ann. Intern. Med. 159560–562 (2013).
Smith, VA, Coffman, CJ & Hudgens, MG Interpreting the results of intention-to-treat, per-protocol, and as-treated analyzes of clinical trials. JAMA 326433–434 (2021).
Hernan, MA & Robins, JM Per-protocol analyzes of pragmatic trials. N. Engl. J. Med. 3771391–1398 (2017).
Stamp, L. et al. Serum urate as surrogate endpoint for flares in people with gout: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. semin. Arthritis Rheum. 48293–301 (2018).
Morillon, MB et al. Serum urate as a proposed surrogate outcome measure in gout trials: from the OMERACT working group. semin. Arthritis Rheum. 511378–1385 (2021).
Bardin, T. et al. Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with gout with inadequate response to standard of care (the multinational CLEAR 2 study). Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76811–820 (2017).